Phellodon niger (Fr. : Fr.) P. Karst. + Picea

Literature

• references
	Agerer R (1992) Ectomycorrhizae of Phellodon niger on Norway spruce and their chlamydospores. Mycorrhiza 2: 47-52. Agerer R (1993) Phellodon niger. In Agerer R (ed) Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae, plate 78, Einhorn-Verlag, Schwäbisch Gmünd.

Morphology

Morphology of the mycorrhizal system

• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• ramification presence-type
	monopodial-pinnate
or	irregularly pinnate, dichotomous-like
• ramification orders
0	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• abundance
	nest-like, hyphal mats
or	abundant, dense
• main axis diameter
0.32 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.39 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• rhizomorphs as stout, short, conical structures presence-abundance
	absent
• rhizomorphs as short mycorrhiza-like outgrowths with blunt tips presence
	absent
• rhizomorphs presence
	present
• rhizomorphs frequency
	abundant
• exploration type
	medium distance mat

Morphology of the unramified ends

• shape
	straight
or	bent
or	tortuous
• shape {of distal end}
	not inflated, cylindric
• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2.8 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
3 mm	Maximum value
• diameter
0.32 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.39 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• colour
	black
or	brown
or	white
• very tip colour
	white
• older parts colour
	black
• mantle cortical cells visibility
	not visible
• mantle {distinct} surface visibility
	present
• mantle transparency
	not transparent
• mantle laticifers visibility
	absent
• mantle dots presence-colour
	absent
• mantle carbonizing presence
	present
• mantle surface {in general} habit
	silvery
or	not smooth
• mantle surface {in detail} kind
	loosely grainy or warty
or	loosely stringy
• emanating hyphae presence
	present
• emanating hyphae abundance
	infrequent

Morphology of rhizomorphs

• diameter
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.2 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cross-section shape
	round or roundish
or	flat
• colour
	yellowish
or	whitish
• ramification kind-frequency
	repeatedly into smaller filaments
• connection to mantle kind
	oblique
• origin location
	not specific
• margin habit
	hairy
• dimorphism presence
	absent

Morphology of sclerotia

• presence
	absent

Anatomy

Anatomical features of the entire mycorrhiza

• emanating elements presence-type
	rhizomorphs
• blue granules presence
	absent

Anatomy of laticifers

• presence
	absent

Anatomical features of the mantle

• matrix presence
	present
• matrix location
	outer mantle layer {apart from tip}
or	outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip}
or	middle mantle layer
or	inner mantle layer

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer apart from the ectormycorrhizal tip

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• mantle type
	ring-like arrangement of hyphal bundles (type A)
• matrix kind
	gelatinous
• septa thickness {relative to cell walls}
	as thick as walls
and	thicker than walls
• septa clamps presence
	absent
• cell shape
	cylindric, constricted at septa
• cell pigment location-colour
	membranaceously brownish
• cell diameter
1.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
2.5 µm	Maximum value
• cell wall thickness
0.5 µm	Mean (= average)
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth
• drops of exuded pigment presence
	absent

Anatomy of the middle mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• matrix kind
	gelatinous
• hyphae arrangement
	plectenchymatous, star-like
• cell pigment location-colour
	membranaceously brownish
• cell diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
3.5 µm	Maximum value
• cell contents presence-kind
	absent
• cell wall thickness
0.2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth

Anatomy of the inner mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• matrix kind
	gelatinous
• hyphae arrangement
	star-like
• septa clamps presence
	absent
• cell pigment location-colour
	membranaceously brownish
• cell diameter
2 µm	Minimum value
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Maximum value
• cell contents presence-kind
	absent

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer of the ectormycorrhizal tip

• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} organisation
	plectenchymatous
• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} matrix kind
	gelatinous

Anatomy of the mantle in longitudinal section

• mantle thickness {apart from tip}
20 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
30 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• mantle different layers presence
	not discernable
• outer mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• middle mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• unlayered mantle hyphae tangentially length
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
15 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
25 µm	Maximum value
• unlayered mantle hyphae radially diameter
1.5 µm	Minimum value
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the tannin cells in longitudinal section

• presence
	present
• shape
	tangentially-oval to -elliptic or -cylindrical, and oriented obliquely
• tangentially length
20 µm	Minimum value
31 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
70 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
79 µm	Maximum value
• radially diameter
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
15 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
30 µm	Maximum value
• mean tangenial length TCt
50.4 µm	Mean (= average)
• mean shape-ratio TCq
4	Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the cortical cells in longitudinal section

• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	tangentially-oval to -elliptic or -cylindrical, and oriented obliquely
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
14 µm	Minimum value
20 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
73 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
91 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
10 µm	Minimum value
14 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
35 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
39 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean tangential length CCt (ECt)
46.5 µm	Mean (= average)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq (ECq)
2.2	Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the Hartig net in longitudinal section

• presence
	present
• kind
	protruding towards endodermis
• structure {in plan view}
	of palmetti type
• lobes width
1.5 µm	Minimum value
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the mantle in cross-section

• mantle different layers presence
	not discernible
• outer mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• middle mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• unlayered mantle hyphae tangentially length
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
20 µm	Maximum value
• unlayered mantle hyphae radially diameter
1 µm	Minimum value
1.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
6 µm	Maximum value

Anatomy of the tannin cells in cross-section

• presence
	present
• rows number
0	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• shape
	tangentially-oval to tangentially-elliptic
• tangentially length
15 µm	Minimum value
23 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
47 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
56 µm	Maximum value
• radially diameter
2 µm	Minimum value
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
18 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
25 µm	Maximum value
• mean tangential length TCt
32.7 µm	Mean (= average)
• mean shape-ratio TCq
4.1	Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the cortical cells in cross-section

• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	tangentially-oval to tangentially-elliptic
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
11 µm	Minimum value
17 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
35 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
45 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
10 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
37 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
45 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean tangential length CCt
25.4 µm	Mean (= average)
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq
1.1	Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the Hartig net in cross-section

• presence
	present
• kind
	one or half a row of cortical cells adjoining endodermis free of Hartig net
or	protruding towards endodermis
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around tannin cells shape
	roundish
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around tannin cells thickness
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal rows around tannin cells number
	one
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	cylindrical
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells thickness
1.5 µm	Minimum value
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal rows around cortical (epidermal) cells number
	one

Anatomy of the emanating elements in general

• intrahyphal hyphae presence
	absent
• septal pores configuration
	globular thickenings
• anastomoses type
	open, with a short bridge or bridge almost lacking
• anastomoses cell wall thickness {relative to remaining cell walls}
	as thick as
• anastomoses anastomosal bridge thickness {relative to hyphae}
	as thick as
or	considerably thicker
• anastomoses location
	not specified

Anatomy of cystidia

Anatomy of emanating hyphae

• shape
	irregularly inflated or even beaded
• cell pigment location-colour
	membranaceously brownish
• pigment presence-distribution
	only proximal
• drops of exuded pigment presence
	absent

Anatomy of the septa of emanating hyphae

• clamps presence
	absent

Anatomy of the cells of emanating hyphae

• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell shape
	even
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell shape {at distal end}
	simple
or	tortuous, screw-like
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell diameter
2 µm	Minimum value
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
4.5 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell length
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
15 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall surface habit
	without lens-shaped appositions
or	without spindle-shaped appositions
or	with soil particles
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall thickness
0.2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall thickness at tip {relative to remaining cell wall}
	as thick as

Anatomy of rhizomorphs

• type
	undifferentiated; hyphae rather loosely woven and of uniform diameter (type A)
or	undifferentiated; margins rather smooth; hyphae compactly arranged and of uniform diameter (type B)
• internal nodia presence
	absent
• gelatinous matrix presence
	present
• gelatinized hyphae presence
	absent
• a "ball" of intertwined, ramified, thin hyphae presence
	absent

Anatomy of hyphae in rhizomorphs

Anatomy of chlamydospores

• presence
	present
• type
	with concentrical walls
• diameter
10 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
13.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• length
10 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
13.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of haustoria

• {of ectomycorrhiza former} presence
	absent
• {of foreign origin} presence
	absent

Anatomy of nuclei

• number {per cell}
2	Mean (= average)
• shape
	round
• diameter
1.5 µm	Mean (= average)
• length
1.5 µm	Mean (= average)
• distance {between each other}
0 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of siderophilous granulations

• presence
	absent

Autofluorescence

• whole mycorrhizae UV 254 nm colour-presence
	absent
• whole mycorrhizae UV 366 nm colour-presence
	absent
• mantle in section UV-filter 340-380 nm presence
	present
• mantle in section blue-filter, 450-490 nm presence
	present
• mantle in section green-filter, 530-560 nm presence
	present

Chemical reactions

• reaction with acid fuchsin presence
	absent
• reaction with anilin presence
	absent
• reaction with brillant-cresyl-blue presence
	absent
• reaction with cotton-blue-lactic-acid presence
	absent
• reaction with ethanol 70% presence
	absent
• reaction with FeSO4 presence
	absent
• reaction with guaiac presence
	absent
• reaction with KOH 10% presence
	present
• reaction with Melzer's reagent presence
	absent
• reaction with phenole presence
	absent
• reaction with phenole-aniline presence
	absent
• reaction with sudan III presence
	absent
• reaction with sulpho-vanillin presence
	absent

Ecology

• substrate
	in organically enriched mineral horizon
or	in mineral soil
• geographic occurrence continent
	Europe
• knowledge about association with foreign fruitbodies presence
	unknown

Tree

• plant family
	Pinaceae
• plant genus
	Picea
• plant habitat kind
	forests, woods

Fungus

• family
	Bankeraceae ss. Stalpers
• fruitbodies growth habit
	epigeous
or	pileate-hydnoid

Remarks

• public notes
	Autofluorescence of mantle in section with UV-filter in part bluish green, with blue-filter slightly yellowish, with green-filter slightly reddish; mantle in sulfo-vanillin with brownish walls, in KOH hyphae in thicker layer reddish brown, in anilin walls pink.

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