Entoloma nitidum Quél. + Carpinus

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Literature

references
  Montecchio L, Rossi S, Coutry P-E, Garbaye J (2006) Entoloma nitidum Quél. + Carpinus betulus L. Descr Ectomyc 9/10: 33-38.

Morphology

Morphology of the mycorrhizal system
length
4 mm    Minimum value
7 mm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
46 mm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
70 mm    Maximum value
ramification presence-type
  monopodial-pyramidal
tips {per 10 mm} number
0     Minimum value
3     Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
3     Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3     Mean (= average)
5     Maximum value
ramification orders
0     Minimum value
1     Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2     Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
3     Maximum value
abundance
  abundant, dense
main axis diameter
0.3 mm    Minimum value
0.5 mm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.8 mm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
0.9 mm    Maximum value
taste {after 2-3 min chewing}
  mild
rhizomorphs as stout, short, conical structures presence-abundance
  abundant
rhizomorphs as short mycorrhiza-like outgrowths with blunt tips presence
  absent
rhizomorphs presence
  present
rhizomorphs frequency
  abundant
exploration type
  medium distance smooth
Morphology of the unramified ends
mantle hydrophobicity presence
  absent
shape
  bent [rarely straight]
or    sinuous
or    tortuous
shape {of distal end}
  not inflated, cylindric [rarely tapering]
length
0 mm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
12 mm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
diameter
0.2 mm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.4 mm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
0.5 mm    Maximum value
colour
  yellowish
very tip colour
  whitish
after injury colour
  unchanged
older parts colour
  ochre, yellowish brown
mantle cortical cells visibility
  visible
mantle {distinct} surface visibility
  present
mantle transparency
  semi-transparent, opaque
or    completely transparent
mantle laticifers visibility
  absent
mantle secreted latex {after scratching mantle} presence
  absent
mantle dots presence-colour
  absent
mantle carbonizing presence
  absent
mantle surface {in general} habit
  shiny
or    smooth
mantle surface {in detail} kind
  not applicable
emanating hyphae presence
  absent
Morphology of rhizomorphs
diameter
0 mm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
58 mm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
cross-section shape
  round or roundish
colour
  concolourous to mantle
or    yellowish
after injury colour
  unchanged
ramification kind-frequency
  frequently, at restricted points
connection to mantle kind
  distinct
origin location
  not specific
connection to substrate
  growing into the soil or organic layers
margin habit
  smooth
dimorphism presence
  absent
Morphology of sclerotia
presence
  absent

Anatomy

Anatomical features of the entire mycorrhiza
emanating elements presence-type
  rhizomorphs
emanating elements cystidia location
  not applicable
crystals presence
  absent
blue granules presence
  absent
Anatomy of laticifers
presence
  absent
Anatomical features of the mantle
completeness
  complete
matrix presence
  absent
Anatomy of the outer mantle layer apart from the ectormycorrhizal tip
organisation
  plectenchymatous
mantle type
  hyphae rather irregularly arranged and no special pattern discernible (type B)
hyphal system kind
  undifferentiated
and    with broad streaks of parallel hyphae
hyphae short protrusions presence
  absent
hyphae sticky matrix on hyphal surface presence
  unknown
hyphae hyphal junctions angle {between}
  ca. 45° and less
septa thickness {relative to cell walls}
  as thick as walls
septa clamps presence
  present
septa clamps abundance
  abundant
cell shape
  cylindric, constricted at septa
and    ampullate at both sides of septum [slightly]
cell pigment location-colour
  absent
and    membranaceously yellowish
cell contents presence-kind
  absent
cell diameter
1.8 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4.1 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
4.4 µm    Maximum value
cell length
9 µm    Minimum value
12 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
54 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
105 µm    Maximum value
cell wall thickness
1.2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
cell wall surface habit
  smooth
and    with few soil particles
drops of exuded pigment presence
  absent
pigment granula on surface presence
  absent
Anatomy of the middle mantle layer
presence
  present
organisation
  plectenchymatous
hyphae arrangement
  plectenchymatous, with broad streaks of parallel hyphae
cell pigment location-colour
  colourless
or    membranaceously yellowish
cell diameter
2.4 µm    Minimum value
6.1 µm    Mean (= average)
6.8 µm    Maximum value
cell length
20 µm    Minimum value
25 µm    Mean (= average)
78 µm    Maximum value
cell contents presence-kind
  absent
cell wall thickness
0.6 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.1 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
cell wall surface habit
  smooth
Anatomy of the inner mantle layer
organisation
  plectenchymatous
hyphae arrangement
  with broad streaks of parallel hyphae
septa thickness
  unknown
septa clamps presence
  present
cell pigment location-colour
  absent
or    membranaceously yellowish
cell diameter
3.3 µm    Minimum value
3.6 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
7.9 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
8.8 µm    Maximum value
cell length
14 µm    Minimum value
39 µm    Mean (= average)
89 µm    Maximum value
cell contents presence-kind
  absent
Anatomy of the outer mantle layer of the ectormycorrhizal tip
anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} organisation
  like other parts of mantle
anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} hyphae diameter
1.8 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
6 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
Anatomy of the mantle in longitudinal section
mantle thickness {apart from tip}
19 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
40 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
46 µm    Maximum value
mantle thickness {at ectomycorrhizal tip}
45 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
95 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
calyptra cell remnants presence
  unknown
calyptra cell remnants type
  unknown
mantle different layers presence
  discernable
outer mantle layer organisation
  pseudoparenchymatous
outer mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
5 µm    Minimum value
21 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
65 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
outer mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2 µm    Minimum value
2.9 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
4.5 µm    Maximum value
middle mantle layer organisation
  plectenchymatous
middle mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
3.1 µm    Minimum value
4.7 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
15.1 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
middle mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2.1 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3.7 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
4.9 µm    Maximum value
inner mantle layer organisation
  plectenchymatous
inner mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
3.1 µm    Minimum value
4.7 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
15.1 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2.1 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3.7 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
4.9 µm    Maximum value

Anatomy of the tannin cells in longitudinal section
presence
  absent

Anatomy of the cortical cells in longitudinal section
anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
  radially-oval to -elliptic, oriented obliquely
anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
7 µm    Minimum value
9 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
23 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
27 µm    Minimum value
35 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
45 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean tangential length CCt (ECt)
15.4 µm    Mean (= average)
anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq (ECq)
0.26     Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the Hartig net in longitudinal section
presence
  present
kind
  paraepidermal [up to two rows]
anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells shape
  roundish
or    cylindrical
anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal cells around cortical cells (epidermal) thickness
2.3 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4.2 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
5.1 µm    Maximum value
anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal rows around cortical (epidermal) cells number
  one
structure {in plan view}
  infrequently lobed
lobes width
0 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.3 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
lobes septa presence
  unknown
Anatomy of the mantle in cross-section
calyptra cell remnants presence
  unknown
calyptra cell remnants kind
  unknown
mantle different layers presence
  discernible
outer mantle layer organisation
  plectenchymatous
outer mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
3 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
8 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
11 µm    Maximum value
outer mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2 µm    Minimum value
2.9 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
4.5 µm    Maximum value
middle mantle layer organisation
  pseudoparenchymatous
middle mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
2.5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
inner mantle layer organisation
  pseudoparenchymatous
inner mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
2.5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the tannin cells in cross-section
presence
  absent

Anatomy of the cortical cells in cross-section
anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
  radially-oval to -elliptic
anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
7 µm    Minimum value
12 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
31 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
33 µm    Maximum value
anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
5 µm    Minimum value
11 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
23 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
25 µm    Maximum value
anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean tangential length CCt
12.1 µm    Mean (= average)
anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq
0.75     Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the Hartig net in cross-section
presence
  present
kind
  unknown
anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells shape
  cylindrical
anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells thickness
2.4 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3.6 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
4.4 µm    Maximum value
anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal rows around cortical (epidermal) cells number
  unknown
lobes width
0 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2.4 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
lobes septa presence
  unknown
structure {in plan view}
  unknown
Anatomy of the emanating elements in general
intrahyphal hyphae presence
  unknown
intrahyphal hyphae clamps presence
  unknown
septal pores configuration
  unknown
backwards-oriented ramifications presence
  unknown
backwards-oriented clamps presence
  unknown
anastomoses type
  unknown
anastomoses surface habit
  unknown
anastomoses cell wall thickness {relative to remaining cell walls}
  unknown
anastomoses anastomosal bridge thickness {relative to hyphae}
  unknown
anastomoses location
  unknown
Anatomy of cystidia


Anatomy of emanating hyphae






Anatomy of rhizomorphs
type
  undifferentiated; margins rather smooth; hyphae compactly arranged and of uniform diameter
(type B)
nodia presence
  absent
internal nodia presence
  absent
gelatinous matrix presence
  absent
gelatinized hyphae presence
  absent
hyphae distinctly different diameter
  absent
cup-like structures on surface presence
  absent
conical young side-branches presence
  absent
a "ball" of intertwined, ramified, thin hyphae presence
  absent

Anatomy of hyphae in rhizomorphs
anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
  on central and peripheral hyphae
contents presence-kind
  absent
ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
  absent
Anatomy of vessel-like or thickened hyphae in rhizomorphs
anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
  on central and peripheral hyphae
anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
  absent
anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
  absent
Anatomy of central non-vessel-like hyphae in rhizomorphs
anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
  on central and peripheral hyphae
anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
  absent
anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
  absent
Anatomy of peripheral hyphae in rhizomorphs
anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
  on central and peripheral hyphae
anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
  absent
anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
  absent
Anatomy of solitary thick-walled hyphae in rhizomorphs
anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
  on central and peripheral hyphae
anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
  absent
anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
  absent
Anatomy of chlamydospores
presence
  absent
Anatomy of haustoria
{of ectomycorrhiza former} presence
  absent
{of foreign origin} presence
  absent

Autofluorescence

whole mycorrhizae UV 254 nm colour-presence
  absent
whole mycorrhizae UV 366 nm colour-presence
  absent
mantle in section UV-filter 340-380 nm presence
  present [blue-pale yellow]
mantle in section blue-filter, 450-490 nm presence
  present [pale yellow]
mantle in section green-filter, 530-560 nm presence
  absent

Chemical reactions

reaction with cotton-blue-lactic-acid presence
  present [bluish-green]
reaction with FeSO4 presence
  absent
reaction with guaiac presence
  absent
reaction with KOH 10% presence
  absent
reaction with lactic acid presence
  absent
reaction with Melzer's reagent presence
  absent
reaction with sudan III presence
  absent
reaction with sulpho-vanillin presence
  absent
reaction with toluidin blue presence
  present [lilac]
reaction with trypan blue presence
  present [pale blue]

Ecology

substrate
  in organic layer
soil pH
  pH 6 - 7
geographic occurrence continent
  Europe
knowledge about association with foreign fruitbodies presence
  unknown

Tree

plant family
  Betulaceae
plant genus
  Carpinus
plant habitat kind
  forests, woods

Fungus

family
  Entolomataceae
fruitbodies growth habit
  epigeous
or    pileate-lamellate

DNA-Analysis

PCR- ITS1, -ITS4 restriction enzyme Alu bands number
4     Mean (= average)
PCR- ITS1, -ITS4 restriction enzyme Alu bp of 1. band from below number
325     Mean (= average)
PCR- ITS1, -ITS4 restriction enzyme Alu bp of 2. band from below number
175     Mean (= average)
PCR- ITS1, -ITS4 restriction enzyme Alu bp of 3. band from below number
90     Mean (= average)
PCR- ITS1, -ITS4 restriction enzyme Alu bp of 4. band from below number
60     Mean (= average)
PCR- ITS1, -ITS4 restriction enzyme HinfI bands number
3     Mean (= average)
PCR- ITS1, -ITS4 restriction enzyme HinfI bp of 1. band from below number
350     Mean (= average)
PCR- ITS1, -ITS4 restriction enzyme HinfI bp of 2. band from below number
210     Mean (= average)
PCR- ITS1, -ITS4 restriction enzyme HinfI bp of 3. band from below number
100     Mean (= average)

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